| 明清的建筑石雕 |
| 添加时间：2018/9/25 15:48:57 浏览次数： |
| 明清时代是中国封建社会由动乱、复苏、繁荣又走向崩溃的最后一轮循环的周期，当时的建筑艺术，还是沿着古典艺术析传统向前发展，从而形成了中国古代建筑艺术史上的最后一座高峰。 Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last cycle of Chinese feudal society from turmoil, recovery, prosperity to collapse. Architectural art at that time developed along the tradition of classical art analysis, thus forming the last peak in the history of Chinese ancient architectural art. 明代的宫苑、陵邑的规模都十分宏大，附丽其中的建筑石刻艺术也取得了不少创新的成就。清肛的离宫园林，更是在规模质量上超过了明代。 Ming Dynasty palaces, Lingyi are very large in scale, the architectural stone carving art of which has also made many innovative achievements. The Qing Dynasty's palace garden was even more superior to the Ming Dynasty in terms of scale and quality. 石刻华表古已有之，但明代天安门的白石华表却自有其时代的特点和艺术成就。它是以多种雕刻手法塑造的空前建筑装饰，华表柱身的主体龙纹，以压地隐起的浅浮雕刻画出蟠曲而上的龙形，间夹以云纹华饰，使得华表瑰丽而庄严，其柱头上满饰异彩纷呈的透雕云朵，莲瓣石盘上饰以圆雕的雄狮。其下还有华丽的八角座，围以雕刻精致的龙纹栏板和雕刻有狮子的望柱。综观华表的总体造型，它是在传统形式基础上的升华，同时我们也看到，华表本质上也是中西文化合璧的完美象征。 Stone carvings have existed since ancient times, but the white stone carvings of Tiananmen in the Ming Dynasty have their own characteristics of the times and artistic achievements. It is an unprecedented architectural decoration modeled by various sculpture techniques. The main dragon pattern of the Chinese pillar body is carved in a shallow relief with a curved dragon shape, with a moire ornament between them. It makes the magnificent and solemn appearance. The pillar head is decorated with colorful carved clouds, and the lotus petal stone plate is decorated with round carved lions. There are gorgeous octagonal seats under it, surrounded by carved dragon pattern railing and carved lion pillars. Looking at the overall shape of the Chinese watch, it is the sublimation on the basis of the traditional form. At the same time, we also see that the Chinese watch is essentially a perfect symbol of the combination of Chinese and Western culture. 事实上，故宫主殿的台基、阶梯栏杆、走道、中庭、石桥，皆为各种石雕艺术形式有机组合。这些石雕是乾隆二十五年下令凿去原有的明代纹饰后重新雕刻而成的。不过，从现有的石栏杆边饰花纹，我们仍可看出明清故宫石雕还是承袭了宋元以来的装饰纹样和技法。综观明清的皇宫园林，其建筑石刻运用的广泛，可说是到了无以复加的程度。它们雄辩地反映了一个事实，那就是世界上最优秀最伟大的建筑都离不开石雕装饰构件。在清代的皇家园林中，圆明园是被称为“万园之园”的伟大园林，令人痛心的是它于1860年被焚毁于八国侵略联军之手。如今我们从园中废墟残存的石雕建筑遗迹，仍可窥视到这座绝冠古今的园林建筑艺术的一些风貌。 In fact, the foundation of the Palace Museum's main palace, staircase railings, walkways, atrium, stone bridges, are all organic combinations of various stone carving art forms. These stone sculptures were re carved in the twenty-five years of Qianlong when they were ordered to chisel the original Ming Dynasty patterns. However, from the existing stone railings decorative patterns, we can still see that the Ming and Qing Dynasties Palace Museum stone carvings or inherited the Song and Yuan Dynasties since the decorative patterns and techniques. Looking at the palace gardens of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the extensive use of stone carvings in architecture can be said to be to the extent that it can not be added. They eloquently reflect the fact that the world's best and greatest buildings are inseparable from stone ornaments. In the imperial gardens of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuanmingyuan Garden is a great garden known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". It is sad that it was burned down in 1860 by the invading forces of the Eight Kingdoms. Today, from the remains of stone carvings in the garden ruins, we can still have a glimpse of some features of this splendid ancient and modern garden architecture art. 明清建筑广泛运用石刻艺术形式的例子，可说是不胜枚举。如众所周知的北京天坛，那是明清两朝皇帝祭天与祈祷丰年的场所，其主体建筑之下的基座、白石圆坛、石构件上都雕刻有十分精丽的装饰。它们都是在朝廷官府的控制之下，为适应封建统治以及奢侈豪华的生活等各种需要创作的，这在陵墓建筑上也反映得十分突出。如今，在安徽凤阳的皇陵、南京的明孝陵、北京的十三陵、河北遵化的清东陵、河北易县的清西陵等处，都保留有大量的明清陵墓石刻。 There are numerous examples of the use of stone carving art in Ming and Qing Dynasties. As is known to all, the Temple of Heaven in Beijing is a place where the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties worshipped heaven and prayed for plenty of years. The pedestals under the main building, the white stone altar, and the stone components are all carved with very beautiful decorations. They were created under the control of the imperial government to meet the needs of feudal rule and luxurious life, which is also reflected in the tomb building is very prominent. Today, in Fengyang, Anhui, Nanjing, Ming Xiaoling, Beijing, the Ming Tombs, Hebei Zunhua Qingdong Tombs, Hebei Yi County, Qingxi Tombs and other places, there are still a large number of Ming and Qing tombs and stone carvings. |
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