石雕风格特点
Style characteristics of stone carving
中国石雕、石刻与石制工艺品数量庞大，类别繁多。可按应用与制作方法不同大致分类。石雕、石刻制品按制作的工艺方法不同，一般分成圆雕、浮雕、沉雕、壁雕、镂空雕（透雕）、线雕、影雕、微雕和阴刻、阳刻等几大类别，各有特点、并独具风格。
China's stone carving, stone carvings and stone handicrafts are huge in number and various in number. It can be roughly classified according to the different methods of application and production. Stone carvings and stone carvings are divided into different types, such as round carving, relief, sinking, wall carving, hollow carving (embossed), line carving, shadow carving, micro carving, Yin carving and Yang carving, each of which has its own characteristics and unique style.
按制作方法分类的石雕、石刻制品将在本章第四节“石雕刻与石刻工艺品的加工”中详细介绍。
The stone carving and stone carving products classified according to the production method will be introduced in detail in the fourth section of this chapter "stone carving and processing of stone carvings".
石雕、石刻和石制工艺品应用十分广泛，一般多作为装饰艺术品，在我国用得最多的有如下几类：
Stone carvings, stone carvings and stone handicrafts are widely used. Most of them are used as decorative works of art.
工艺饰品石雕
Craft ornament stone carving
在我国制作和使用这类石制工艺品已有数千年历史，至今仍是人们喜爱之物。主要是用各种玉石和彩色石材制作，它们包括各时代的各种玉器饰物，太湖石、雨花石和三峡石等各种观赏石，以及各种大理石和彩石制作的石雕、石刻花瓶等摆件。大约从春秋吴王阖闾时期就用太湖石装饰园林、公园、庭院，这些还是人们喜爱的观赏石。
It has been thousands of years ago to make and use this kind of stone handicrafts in our country. It is mainly made of various jade and color stone. They include all kinds of jade ornaments of the times, all kinds of ornamental stones, such as Taihu stone, rain flower stone and Three Gorges stone, as well as stone carvings and stone vases made by various marble and colored stones. From around the spring and Autumn period, the stone gardens, parks and courtyards were decorated with Taihu stone.
石窟和摩崖石雕
Grottoes and cliff sculptures
石窟和摩崖石雕始于汉末、兴于魏、晋、南北朝，盛于隋、唐，一直延续至宋、元、明、清各时代。其发展与佛教文化关系密切，石刻人物造像主要取决于佛图。在各石窟中成千上万的石刻雕像，形态、服饰千姿百态，在文化艺术史上占有重要地位。在各石窟中还有石雕的殿、塔、棱、阁、梁枋、斗拱、藻井等丰富多彩的建筑形象，反映了历代的建筑风貌。石窟摩崖石雕一般是在砂岩或石灰岩的岩壁上雕凿的。
Grottoes and cliff sculptures began in the late Han Dynasty, flourished in Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, flourished in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and continued to the song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its development is closely related to Buddhist culture, and the statues of stone carvings are mainly determined by Buddhist statues. In the grottoes, thousands of stone carvings, shapes and costumes take on an important position in the history of culture and art. In the grottoes, there are many colorful architectural images of stone pavilions, towers, prisms, pavilions, Liang Fang, brackets and caisson, reflecting the architectural style of the past dynasties. Grottoes cliff carving is usually carved on sandstone or limestone walls.
陵园石雕
Stone carvings of the cemetery
陵园石雕是中国石刻的一大种类，历史久远，规模宏大，以陵墓石像为主，还有石棺椁、画像石和墓葬祭器等类石刻。雕刻的各种文臣、武将、仕女、侍者等人物石像和石马、石象、石骆驼与各种石兽、石鸟、石兔，栩栩如生，惟妙惟肖，生机勃勃。这些石雕、石刻都是全国重点保护文物，其以大理石雕居多。
The stone carving of the cemetery is a large type of stone carving in China. It has a long history, large scale, mainly in the tomb stone statue, and stone coffin, portrait stone and tomb offering. The sculptures of various literary ministers, martial arts, official ladies, and waiters, stone horses, stone elephants, stone camels and various stone beasts, stone birds and stone rabbits are vivid and vivid. These stone carvings and stone carvings are all the most important cultural relics in the country.
如位于河北遵化县马兰峪的清东陵的裕陵石像生、南京明孝陵石像路。
For example, the Yuling stone statue of the Dongling tomb in the Ma Lan valley of Zunhua County, Hebei, and the stone statue road of Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum.
宫殿和园林石雕
Palaces and gardening stone carvings
在历代皇家和皇亲国戚的宫殿、官府、宅院和园林中，石雕、石刻装饰随处可见，古建筑群十分庞大壮观，雕刻技艺精湛，是中华文化艺术的巨大宝库和国家重点保护文物。其中，著名的这类石雕如唐代大明宫石刻，金代至清代的孔府石刻，明清的故宫、北海及园城、布达拉宫、沈阳故宫、颐和园、避暑山庄、恭王府花园和圆明园石刻等。
In the palaces, officials, houses and gardens of the Royal and imperial relatives of the past dynasties, the stone carving and stone carving are everywhere. The ancient buildings are very large and magnificent, and the carving skills are exquisite. It is a huge treasure house of Chinese culture and art and a national key preservation cultural relic. Among them, the famous stone carvings such as the stone carving of the Daming Palace in the Tang Dynasty, the stone carvings of the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the the Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Beihai and the garden city, the Potala Palace, the the Imperial Palace, the the Imperial Palace, the garden of the gong and the stone carving, etc.
在此类建筑石雕中以石柱、础栏雕刻居多，雕龙最具特色，如石刻盘龙柱、故宫石盘龙御道等，一般多以大理石雕凿建造。北京圆明园遗址上残存的大水法石雕、和仙人承露石雕。
In this kind of building stone carving with stone column and foundation engraving most, the Carving Dragon has the most characteristic, such as stone carving dragon column, the Imperial Palace stone pan dragon royal road and so on, usually with marble carved construction. On the ruins of Old Summer Palace in Beijing, there are stone sculptures and stone sculptures.